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Common issues and Problems in PC:

GPU (Graphics processor unit):

  • Responsible for rendering graphics and visual output.
  • Problems include overheating, driver issues, screen tearing, or no display output.

PCU (Personal Computer Unit):

  1. Installation & Hard Disk Preparation:
  • Partitioning: The first step of Partitinong is to organize the hard disk into:
    • Primary (C: Drive):
      • Where the Operating System (Windows/Linux/Unix) is installed.
      • Avoid storing personal/important files in C:
        • If Windows crashes, files in D:, E:, F: are safer and can often be recovered.
    • Logical Drives (D:, E:, F:): Used for pictures, videos, documents, etc.
  1. Speed slow (Causes & Fixes):
    • Desktop: Files should be on drive. By default files on desktop are stored on C drive. As OS system is installed in C: file, its recomended to not put many folders in Desktop. Move them into drives.

  • Task bar: Keep minimal shortcuts on the taskbar

  • Browser (Bookmarks): Avoid excessive browser bookmarks as they slow down browser start-up.

  • Temporary files: These files are created by websites & cookies, and stored/ download in hidden files. Ulitmately because of it the system slows down. So, after a period of time remove temporary files.

  • RAM overuse: Don’t open a number of applications or tabs are open at once. As ulitimately we are using the RAM.

  • Malware: Regularly scan your system for malwares.

  • Fragmentation:
    There shouldn’t be chaos or dely to access files.
    To make system efficient in working and get work done in optimal way, defragmentation is done.

    • Go to Start → Defragment and Optimize Drives
    • Schedule defragmentation for automatic optimization.
  1. Printer Issues & Solutions:
Problem Solution
Paper Jam Remove the stuck page carefully
Printer Out of Paper During Print Job Use Queue.
Faded or Poor Quality Prints Refill or replace ink/toner
Overlapping Lines in Print Possible drum issue, replace the drum

Blue Screen of Death (BSOD):

It is used to indicate a system crash, in which the operating system reaches a critical condition where it can no longer operate safely.

Common Causes of BSOD:

  1. Hardware Failures:
    Faulty RAM, hard disk, or other internal components
  2. Driver Issues:
    Outdated, incompatible, or corrupted device drivers
  3. Corrupted System Files:
    System file corruption due to improper shutdowns, malware, or failed updates
  4. Overheating or Power Issues:
    Inadequate cooling or power supply malfunctions

System Crash Analysis:

After a BSOD, Windows creates a dump file that records what happened before the crash.

Tools for Analysis:

  1. Event Viewer:
    Windows tool to check detailed system and crash logs.
  2. WinDbg:
    Microsoft Debugging Tool for analyzing dump files |

BIOS/UEFI Settings and POST Errors:

BIOS UEFI
Basic Input/Output System Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
Older firmware standard Modern replacement for BIOS
Keyboard-only navigation Supports mouse and GUI
Stored in ROM chip Stored in flash memory

BIOS/UEFI is responsible for initializing hardware components before the OS loads.

What is POST?:
POST (Power-On Self Test) is a diagnostic process that occurs when the computer is powered on. It checks for:

  • RAM functionality
  • CPU status
  • Keyboard presence
  • Display detection
  • Hard disk and drives

Common POST Errors:

Beep Code / Message Meaning
1 Long, 2 Short Beeps Graphics card issue
Continuous Beeps RAM failure
No Beep, No Display Power or motherboard issue
“CMOS Checksum Error” Corrupted BIOS settings (usually fixed by resetting CMOS)

Accessing BIOS/UEFI Settings

  • Press F2, F10, DEL, or ESC continously during startup (key depends on manufacturer).

  • From here, you can:

    • Change boot order
    • Enable/disable hardware components
    • View system info
    • Reset settings to default (if needed)

Other small concepts:

Wizard-Based Installation:
GUI-based installation with no need to type commands.

Antivirus Installation:
Essential for protection against viruses, malware, and spyware.

Help Shortcut:
Press F1 to open help tool in Windows.